Mark Vitner

Growth & the Consumer

The GDP revisions were a reminder not to bet against the U.S. consumer. Real GDP growth was revised up to 3.8% in Q2, with private final domestic demand advancing 2.9%. Stronger consumption (+2.5%) and a 7.3% rise (annualized) in nonresidential fixed investment were the main drivers.

Consumer spending was led by light vehicle sales and increased outlays for health care, financial services, and travel and entertainment. Business fixed investment was supported by spending on tech equipment, commercial aircraft, and research and development. Structures investment declined, reflecting the wind-down of stimulus-driven outlays for EV and green energy projects. Some projects were halted or canceled during the quarter, but many are now coming back on track.

The GDP by Industry data highlight how growth is distributed across the economy. Intellectual property products and equipment investment led the way, while transportation, finance, and other services provided steady contributions. Housing investment, however, remained a drag, contracting at a 5.1% pace and subtracting from overall Q2 growth. The chart underscores the uneven but resilient character of U.S. growth: productivity-rich sectors are expanding even as rate-sensitive housing lags.

That strength appears to be carrying into Q3. August PCE showed real spending up 0.4% m/m, with revisions boosting earlier months. Our tracking estimate now points to 3.2% growth in Q3 real personal consumption. The composition is skewed toward higher-income households, supported by asset income and wealth effects, while middle- and lower-income consumers remain constrained by moderating wage growth and stubbornly high prices for groceries, rent, transportation, and insurance.

In contrast to the strong spending numbers, Consumer Sentiment slipped in September, with the final University of Michigan index falling to 55.1. Consumer Sentiment remain at levels that are more typical of a deep recession than one growing at around a 3% annual rate. Buying conditions for durables hit a one-year low, underscoring the divergence between higher income and middle and lower income households. Consumers also appear more apt to spend than they say they will.

Shutdown Raises Stakes for September Payrolls

The labor market continues to soften at the margin but is also showing signs of stabilizing. Initial jobless claims fell to 218,000 in the week ended Sept 20, with the four-week average edging lower. Continuing claims also declined modestly, suggesting layoffs remain limited and rehiring continues.

Nonfarm payrolls now serve as both economic signal and political casualty, complicating Fed decision-making.

This week’s September payrolls report, if a government shutdown does not prevent its release, will be pivotal. Markets are looking for a modest rebound from August’s soft print and a steady 4.3% unemployment rate. Nonfarm payrolls fell in June and employers have added an average of just 41,000 jobs a month since April. A shutdown would delay the release and leave the Fed with less clarity heading into the October FOMC meeting — strengthening the case to skip October and wait until December to resume easing. The ADP data will take on more relevance than usual if the government shuts down Wednesday morning..

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Housing – Locked In and Locked Out

The housing data remain confounding. New-home sales surged to an annualized pace of 800,000 units in August, the strongest since early 2022. But the series is notoriously volatile and prone to revision, and the spike likely overstates the sector’s true momentum. Builders have been offering increasingly aggressive discounts and incentives to clear inventories, and the stock of completed new homes remains the highest since 2009. At August’s pace, the months’ supply of new homes fell to 7.4 from 9.0 in July, but the overhang of finished units should continue to weigh on single-family starts in the months ahead.

With affordability near 40-year lows, many potential home buyers remain on the sidelines.

Existing-home sales were little changed at an annual rate of 4.0 million units in August, slightly better than expected. Inventories slipped modestly on the month but were still up nearly 12% from a year earlier. A growing number of homeowners are delisting properties after failing to receive acceptable offers, suggesting supply could tighten into year-end. That could provide some support to prices, which edged lower in August but remain about 2% higher than a year earlier. The National Association of Realtors estimates the average homeowner has gained nearly $141,000 in equity over the past five years, but much of that wealth remains locked in place by the “golden handcuffs” of ultra-low mortgage rates.

Sticky Inflation, Uneven Spending
Inflation remains sticky but is gradually easing. Core PCE rose 0.2% in August, leaving the year-over-year rate at 2.9%, while headline PCE held at 2.7%. The distinction between headline and core remains critical: energy prices have been subdued, but tariffs are keeping core goods inflation firmer than it otherwise would be. Excluding tariffs, underlying inflation would likely be closer to 2.5%.

The real story lies in services. Core services inflation has steadied near 3.6%, with shelter costs gradually decelerating but still elevated. Excluding housing, services prices are running closer to 3.0%, underscoring persistent stickiness in categories such as insurance, healthcare, and transportation. This is why the Fed continues to emphasize services ex-housing as the clearest gauge of whether inflation is truly on track toward target.

On the spending side, momentum remains solid. Real personal consumption expenditures rose 0.4% in August, with prior months revised higher. The revisions also lifted estimates of household income, reinforcing the view that consumer resilience is increasingly “top heavy.” Affluent households, buoyed by equity and real estate wealth, continue to spend freely on discretionary categories such as travel, dining, and financial services. By contrast, middle- and lower-income households remain stretched by persistent inflation in everyday necessities like groceries, rents, and insurance.

Consumer resilience is increasingly top heavy, with affluent households driving growth.

This mix supports a cautious Fed. Inflation is cooling, but not fast enough to justify a faster rate-cut path, especially with spending still resilient. Measured inflation may tick somewhat higher in the near term before drifting lower and converging toward the Fed’s 2% target in 2026.

Markets Constructive, Long End Costly
Treasury yields drifted higher last week, with the 2–7 year sector up 8–10 bps as markets unwound near-term easing bets. Repo rates showed the usual quarter-end firmness, and effective fed funds inched higher — evidence of underlying money-market tightness as quarter-end approaches. Longer maturities were steadier, leaving the curve slightly flatter and reinforcing the sense that near-term policy repricing is doing most of the work.

Credit markets remain constructive. Investment-grade spreads are holding near cycle tights, supported by healthy corporate balance sheets and steady demand. Curve dynamics are unusual, however. The back end of corporate spread curves has flattened, even modestly inverted in some cases, reflecting technical factors such as pension and insurer demand and limited issuance. Importantly, this does not signal rising default risk. For CFOs, the message is that all-in long-end funding costs remain elevated — not because spreads are widening, but because Treasury yields at the back end are still high. That leaves liability-driven investors active, but keeps opportunistic issuance focused in shorter maturities.

Geopolitics & Policy: Escalation Ladders, Energy Arithmetic, and the Dollar’s Two Tracks

Russia-NATO tensions are climbing the escalation ladder. Analysts mark up the probability of military incidents spilling into sanctions enforcement and energy logistics, with a 40% chance of broader Ukraine escalation into Q4. Expect tighter sanctions enforcement on Russian energy flows and a tactical bias toward oil strength before gold reasserts its role as a safe haven over 12 months.

On China, stimulus paired with a 15th Five-Year Plan growth target around 5% per annum would put a floor under activity, but U.S. and EU measures are likely if Moscow presses its advantage. Expect Washington to tighten sanctions on Russia first, while dangling tariff relief for allies to manage coalition politics.

Stikes on Russian energy infrastructure and tighter sanctions likely to lift oil and distillates.

The Middle East remains combustible but less likely to erupt into a region-wide war. Israel is still seaking a knockout punch against Hamas, which has European leaders scrambling for cover, recognizing a nonexistent Palestinian state. U.S. strategic exports and Gulf supply increases help lean against crude spikes, but distillates and logistics premia are more likely to feel the strain.

FX markets reflect the duality of dollar “dominance” versus persistent depreciation pressures. Liquidity and settlement flows anchor the dollar, but diversification by reserve managers continues. Expect USD strength on shocks but drift otherwise.

Finally, Washington gridlock is front and center. The probability of at least a short shutdown this week is high. Even absent a lapse, disbursement delays amount to stealth tightening for contractors, healthcare providers, and universities. A shutdown would also delay the monthly payroll report, reducing Fed visibility ahead of the October meeting.

Underreported Risks

While markets focused on Washington’s budget standoff, a significant escalation unfolded at sea. Houthi forces stepped up attacks on Israel, hitting a hotel in Eilat, and on commercial shipping in the Red Sea, resuming a campaign that had eased earlier in the summer. Insurance premia are rising again, rerouting costs are mounting, and the risk of further disruptions to global supply chains is material. Unlike headline crude, the more immediate impact is likely to show up in diesel and freight markets, where margins are already tightening.

Beyond the Middle East, GPS jamming incidents in the Baltic and stepped-up Ukrainian strikes on Russian refineries are adding to global logistics pressure. Together, these developments highlight a vulnerability that often escapes market attention: the security of supply chains and transport corridors. For corporates, the lesson is to stress-test exposure not just to headline oil shocks but to refined product shortages, shipping insurance costs, and transit disruptions that can ripple quickly into working capital and inventory management.

The Week Ahead

• Monday: White House meeting with congressional leaders on funding; Pending Home Sales, Dallas Fed manufacturing survey.
• Tuesday: Consumer confidence, S&P Case-Shiller Home Prices, and JOLTS .
• Wednesday: ADP employment, ISM manufacturing, construction spending and light vehicle sales.
• Thursday: Jobless claims, Challenger layoffs, factory orders.
• Friday: September payrolls (subject to shutdown), ISM services.

Shutdown brinkmanship is the wild card. A short lapse would delay payrolls and complicate the Fed’s decision-making. Meanwhile, energy and shipping risks keep distillates and logistics costs in focus more than headline crude.

Resilience vs Risk

The contrast between Washington’s gridlock and the private economy’s Goldilocks resilience is striking. GDP revisions and PCE data show private demand powering ahead, while Congress edges toward dysfunction. For the Fed, this mix argues for patience: cut gradually, but avoid overcommitting. For businesses, the lesson is clear — the private economy is adapting and expanding, but execution risk from Washington remains a wild card.

The economy does not simply grow — it constantly evolves. Today, it is evolving in two directions: private-sector strength and public-sector paralysis. Which side dominates in the quarters ahead will determine whether Goldilocks prevails or gridlock takes its toll. We believe Goldilocks will prevail and are encouraged that Congress has passed all its appropriation bills ahead of the fiscal year-end — something not seen in decades.

We have updated our forecast to incorporate the latest GDP data and annual revisions. Real GDP is now expected to rise at a 3% annual rate in Q3, followed by a 2% pace in Q4, when trade and inventories are likely to again subtract from headline growth. Our baseline assumes quarter-point reductions in the federal funds rate at each of the next three FOMC meetings, though we are sympathetic to the case for cuts at alternating meetings. A slower cadence would extend the easing cycle and better align with the timeline needed to foster a more sustainable recovery in home sales and new construction — allowing home prices, interest rates, and incomes to gradually move back into buyers’ favor.

We have updated our forecast to incorporate the latest GDP data and annual revisions. Real GDP is now expected to rise at a 3% annual rate in Q3, followed by a 2% pace in Q4, when trade and inventories are likely to again subtract from headline growth. Our baseline assumes quarter-point reductions in the federal funds rate at each of the next three FOMC meetings, though we are sympathetic to the case for cuts at alternating meetings. A slower cadence would extend the easing cycle and better align with the timeline needed to foster a more sustainable recovery in home sales and new construction — allowing home prices, interest rates, and incomes to gradually move back into buyers’ favor.

Economic & Market Recap

The past week’s data underscored the combination of resilient production and stubborn cost pressures. Industrial production jumped, thanks largely to auto output, underscoring that U.S. manufacturing is not collapsing under high rates. Import prices edged higher, reflecting dollar weakness and firmer global goods prices. While tariffs remain an important policy risk, they do not directly feed into the import price index, which measures values before duties are applied. The upward move nonetheless signals that a softer dollar could complicate the disinflation narrative. Consumer sentiment slipped in early September—households see risks in the job market and are less confident about income growth.

The Fed is being asked to ease policy in an environment that is not fully benign. Growth is slowing, but exchange-rate effects and global price pressures are limiting the pace of disinflation. That explains why Treasury yields fell, the dollar strengthened, and equities still found room to rally—markets are betting that the Fed has room to cut, but the path will likely not be as smooth as implied by the Summary of Economic Projections median points.

Retail Sales: A Stronger Consumer Pulse

August retail sales surprised to the upside, with headline sales rising 0.6% and core control sales up 0.7%, both well above expectations. July was revised higher to a 0.5% gain, following June’s outsized 0.9% increase—underscoring that momentum has carried through the summer. Gains were broad-based: motor vehicles and gasoline each rose 0.5%, while non-store retailers led with a 2% jump. Clothing sales advanced 1%, signaling a strong back-to-school season and offering a positive precursor to holiday spending. Real core retail sales likely climbed 0.5% in August and are running at a robust 5.5% pace on a three-month annualized basis.

The recent string of buoyant retail sales reports provide upside risk to Q3 GDP forecasts.

This resilience has important implications for the broader economy. Consumption had been a soft spot earlier this year, weighed down by weaker discretionary categories and fading sentiment. Three straight months of gains, however, suggest spending has rebounded more quickly than expected from the midyear slowdown. Consumers may also be making up for purchases deferred in the spring, when the economy appeared more fragile.

The stronger retail sales data also provide upside risk to Q3 GDP. While part of the recent strength reflects higher goods prices as tariffs and import costs filter through, real spending is still advancing. The rebound in discretionary categories such as dining and recreation highlights that higher-income households—who account for the bulk of spending—remain in solid shape, even as lower-income households face pressure from a softening labor market and higher living costs.

For the Fed, the message is nuanced. The resilience of consumer spending will bolster confidence that growth is holding up even as labor market conditions cool, reinforcing the case for a gradual approach to easing to support the labor market. At the same time, stronger demand complicates the disinflation narrative, particularly if robust consumption sustains pricing power in services. Markets may need to temper expectations for the pace of rate cuts if activity data continue to surprise to the upside.

This is another reason why the Fed may accomplish more by doing less—signaling support while avoiding the risk of fueling demand that is already proving resilient.

Accomplishing More by Doing Less

The Fed cut the funds rate by 25 basis points last week, lowering the range to 4.00–4.25%. Chair Powell described the move as a “risk management cut,” stressing that downside risks to the labor market had risen and that the Fed did not want conditions to weaken further. The statement added dovish language that echoed September 2024, when the Fed delivered the first in a series of three cuts. Markets took this as a signal that additional easing is likely, with October and December both in play.

Yet the so-called “dots” tell a more complicated story. While the median projection implied three cuts this year, the distribution was scattered, particularly for 2026 and beyond. This wide dispersion highlights the lack of consensus inside the Committee and underscores the danger of markets pricing in too aggressive a path.

Dots are scattered—the financial markets risk overestimating the path of cuts.

Our view is that the Fed may be able to accomplish more by doing less. Signaling a long series of cuts risks pushing long-term yields higher rather than lower, particularly if investors perceive the Fed is leaning into political winds at a time when headline inflation is rising. A steadier approach—cutting less than the market expects, while reaffirming the Fed’s dual mandate—would anchor confidence in both bond and currency markets.

Looking further out, lower interest rates should allow conditions to firm later this year and into early 2026, bolstering home sales and sales of light vehicles and other big-ticket items. This improvement should broaden as uncertainty surrounding trade and immigration policy subsides, supporting a more durable recovery. Futures positioning already reflects heightened conflict between speculators and hedgers, which suggests volatility will remain high. But if the Fed avoids over-committing, it can preserve credibility while still fostering a recovery that builds momentum into 2026. Moreover, postponements of projects in the aftermath of Liberation Day are increasingly coming back on track, producing a tail wind capex in 2026.

Energy, Commodities, and Exchange Rates

Brent crude remains capped near $67, weighed down by OPEC+ supply adjustments and weak demand. The muted risk premium suggests markets are not yet pricing in broader contagion from Middle East conflict, though Israel’s strike in Qatar could quickly elevate LNG risks given Doha’s pivotal role in global exports.

The dollar has eased following the Fed’s “risk management” cut, as narrowing rate differentials encourage flows into higher-yielding emerging market currencies. The euro has traded with surprising resilience, occasionally acting as a quasi-safe haven, while the yen remains under pressure from Japan’s leadership transition but should stabilize once political uncertainty clears.

The broader backdrop is the U.S.–China trade standoff. Tariffs remain disruptive, but sanctions are now a realistic risk, threatening to fracture global supply chains within a year. Asia’s advanced economies are most exposed, but U.S. reliance on Taiwanese semiconductors highlights domestic vulnerability. This underscores the importance of industrial policy, such as the government’s Intel stake, to mitigate supply chain risk while ensuring taxpayers capture part of the upside. A deal on the U.S. operations of Tik Tok also appears to be close.

UN General Assembly

The UN General Assembly showed how fractured global governance has become. Calls for a Gaza ceasefire, pleas for reconstruction, Ukraine funding, and climate finance all vied for attention—but little consensus emerged. The pullback in U.S. leadership has created a void, leaving a vacuum where solutions to the world’s most pressing problems once had an anchor. Without Washington pushing for compromise, competing blocs are left to pursue narrower interests, and the space for consensus has narrowed considerably.

The pullback in U.S. leadership has left a void that President Trump may address in his speech.

Markets rely on institutions like the UN General Assembly to reduce uncertainty. When consensus breaks down, geopolitical risk premia rise. Investors should expect policy to be set more by ad hoc alliances and bilateral deals than by broad-based agreements, with volatility in trade, sanctions, and aid flows likely to persist.

Israel–Qatar Strike Fallout

Israel’s targeted strike on Hamas leadership in Qatar is not just a tactical event—it expands the geographic footprint of the conflict. Qatar has served as a key intermediary in ceasefire talks and hosts vital U.S. military bases. Whether the strike eliminated senior Hamas figures remains uncertain, but it has already opened the door to greater international criticism of Israel.

The strike comes at a moment when a growing number of countries are moving to formally recognize a Palestinian state. That momentum underscores Israel’s increasing diplomatic isolation, complicating U.S. efforts to manage alliances across Europe, the Gulf, and the developing world. Recognition does not alter the battlefield in Gaza, but it shifts the diplomatic balance, making it harder to build consensus around ceasefire terms or postwar reconstruction.

For investors, the risks extend well beyond the conflict zone. The strike raises the probability of heightened energy price volatility, weaker OPEC+ cohesion, and greater uncertainty in Middle East capital flows. It is a reminder that the war’s economic consequences are not confined to Gaza and that shifting diplomatic alignments could keep geopolitical risk premia elevated across energy and currency markets.

Trump’s UN General Assembly Address Preview

Former President Trump is expected to deliver a muscular address on Tuesday, emphasizing tariffs, NATO burden-sharing, and America’s leverage in global trade. His return to the UN General Assembly stage comes at a moment when the pullback in U.S. leadership has already created a void, leaving international institutions struggling to find consensus on Gaza, Ukraine, and climate finance.

Markets will be parsing not only the words but the direction of policy. Any hint of renewed tariff escalation could unsettle equities, strengthen the dollar, and pressure global risk assets. Stronger calls for NATO contributions could shift defense spending patterns in Europe, with implications for transatlantic capital flows. Trump’s rhetoric will be read as either an attempt to reassert U.S. leverage or as a further sign that Washington is less interested in leading through multilateral consensus. Either way, investors should be prepared for volatility emanating directly from the podium.

Outlook for the Week

This week brings data that will directly influence the Fed’s October meeting.

• Wednesday: The Census Bureau reports on new home sales for August, which may show some benefit from modestly lower mortgage rates. Mortgage rates have since fallen sharply, which should lift mortgage applications in the MBA report—a good sign for sales in coming months.
• Thursday: Advance durable goods orders for August will be reported along with the Commerce Department’s third estimate of Q2 GDP and revised corporate profits. Initial unemployment claims will also be released.
• Friday: The August Personal Income and Outlays report, including the PCE deflators, followed later by the final September University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment survey.

A softer PCE print would strengthen the case for another rate cut, but the Fed will be cautious not to overpromise. The risks of miscommunication are high—if markets expect too aggressive a path, yields could paradoxically rise, undermining the very easing the Fed seeks

Final Thought: Industrial Policy at a Crossroads

The government’s non-voting stake in Intel, recently boosted by Nvidia’s $5 billion investment, marks a notable shift in U.S. industrial policy. Unlike past subsidies, this approach allows taxpayers to share in the upside of strategic investments while avoiding the potential conflicts of day-to-day operational control.

The model seeks to align national security goals with free-market incentives. It channels public resources into critical sectors like semiconductors but does so with transparency and without crowding out private capital. Federal assistance to private industry is nothing new, nor is capturing upside. The Treasury’s investments in major financial institutions during the Global Financial Crisis yielded substantial profits, while support for automakers produced net losses. The Nvidia–Intel deal takes the framework further: private capital is following public commitments, creating scale and momentum in a sector central to U.S. competitiveness.

Still, the risks cannot be ignored. Politicization, distorted competition, and challenges in unwinding government stakes are real concerns. The discipline of markets must not be replaced by the discipline of politics.

From a free-market perspective, the Intel stake represents a pragmatic middle path—using non-voting shares to avoid heavy-handed intervention while ensuring taxpayers benefit when strategic bets succeed. If applied only in sectors where genuine market failures exist, this model could enhance U.S. competitiveness without abandoning the principles of open markets.

Markets in Limbo

Markets begin the week in a holding pattern—defensive but orderly. The Treasury curve continues to steepen, with short-end yields anchored by expectations of Fed easing while the long end wrestles with heavy supply and elevated geopolitical risk premia. Equities remain near record highs, supported by resilient earnings, though valuations leave little margin for error. Credit spreads are tight, and agency MBS spreads narrowed further on dovish repricing, with larger bank demand likely to re-emerge as liquidity improves into October. Positioning remains tilted toward duration and steepeners, a measured hedge as policy, inflation, and geopolitics intersect.

The Fed can accomplish more by doing less—cut rates but avoid overcommitting to a rapid pace.

Countering the weakening labor market has become the Fed’s overriding objective and will remain so until growth re-accelerates or inflation rises beyond the expected temporary bump from tariffs. The challenge now is communication. The Fed can accomplish more by doing less—anchoring expectations without overpromising on cuts.

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Labor Market — QCEW Rewrites the Narrative

August’s payroll gain of just 22,000 was troubling on its own, but the real story came from the BLS’s preliminary benchmark revision incorporating QCEW data. The revision cut 911,000 jobs from payrolls between April 2024 and March 2025—the largest downward adjustment since at least 2000—halving average monthly gains to 71,000. Job growth has slowed even further since then, averaging only 41,000 per month from April through August.

QCEW revision: 911,000 jobs cut from April 2024–March 2025 payrolls

The revisions were concentrated in leisure and hospitality, professional and business services, manufacturing, and trade, while education, healthcare, and government employment were little changed. The unemployment rate rose to 4.3% in August, and broader slack measures suggest even greater weakness. The jobless rate would likely be at least half a percentage point higher were it not for the outflow of foreign-born workers since the start of the year, which has reduced measured labor supply.

The QCEW confirms that the labor market has cooled sharply, particularly among smaller firms, and leaves the Fed with little choice but to pivot its focus squarely toward the downside risks to employment embedded in its dual mandate.

Inflation — Tariffs Bite, but Expectations Stay Anchored

August’s inflation reports showed tariffs feeding into goods prices but offered little evidence of broad overheating. Headline CPI rose 0.4% (2.9% year-on-year) and core CPI increased 0.3% (3.1% year-on-year). Goods prices firmed on higher import costs, while services inflation held steady near 3.6%. Producer prices were softer, with headline PPI down 0.1% and core measures pointing to margin compression rather than pass-through to households, following unusually large gains in July. Supply chains remain fluid, delivery times stable, and wage growth is slowing as labor demand weakens.

The greater risk for policymakers is not current inflation but expectations, which is why the Fed must get its messaging right. Short-term tariff effects could unsettle psychology, but the latest surveys suggest stability. The New York Fed’s Survey of Consumer Expectations showed one-year expectations ticking up to 3.2%, while the three-year (3.0%) and five-year (2.9%) horizons held steady—providing Chair Powell with cover to pivot toward labor support at Jackson Hole. Anchored long-term expectations distinguish today’s environment from 2021–22, when inflation psychology unmoored and forced aggressive rate hikes.

Still, fragility is evident. Consumers view the labor market as the weakest since the NY Fed series began in 2013, and more now expect unemployment to rise over the next 12 months. That shift implies rising precautionary saving, softer spending, and an economy leaning further into disinflation. The Fed has room to ease, but the runway is short—and a geopolitical shock could close it quickly.

Consumer Sentiment — Softer and Splintered

The University of Michigan’s preliminary September reading fell to 55.4, with both current conditions and expectations deteriorating. Long-term inflation expectations edged up to 3.9%, underscoring how tariff worries weigh heavily on household psychology. Nearly 60% of respondents mentioned tariffs unprompted, highlighting the growing salience of trade policy. The sharpest declines were among lower-income households, who bear the brunt of higher costs and have not shared in equity market gains.

Tariffs are weighing on sentiment. Nearly 60% of households mention tariffs unprompted.

While sentiment surveys have been less reliable since the pandemic, the directional signal is clear: spending resilience is fading and households are bracing for a less certain labor market and slower growth. Consumption has already pulled back, most notably among middle- and lower-income households, but it has not shut down. Spending has bent, not broken—but the cracks are now spreading up the income curve.

Housing — Plateau, Not Rebound

Housing remains stuck in neutral. Rising inventories of completed homes are weighing on builders, while affordability remains the key constraint. Mortgage rates have fallen to the low 6s and should provide some relief but are not enough to spark a broad recovery. Builders remain disciplined with incentives and cycle-time management. Without rates dropping below 6%, a strong rebound is unlikely. A drop below 6% would likely require more economic weakness, which would also sideline potential home buyers, leaving the sector in a plateau rather than recovery. Housing is no longer the swing factor—it is the stalemate sector.

Geopolitics & U.S. Political Risk — Polarization Adds to Policy Risk

Global tensions remain elevated. Russia’s intensified strikes in Ukraine, including drones intercepted over Poland, underscore how easily the conflict could spill into NATO territory. In the Middle East, Israel’s attempted decapitation strike on Hamas leadership in Qatar signals its intent to pursue Hamas globally but risks undermining one of the few viable diplomatic channels. Meanwhile, the U.S. Navy’s strike on another suspected drug-running vessel off Venezuela highlights Washington’s growing footprint in the Caribbean, where tensions over Guyana’s oil-rich Essequibo region persist.

Israel–Hamas: Attempted strike in Qatar highlights conflict crossing borders

In Asia, trade negotiations between the U.S. and China have taken on new urgency. The latest talks suggest a tentative framework that would reduce tariff escalation in exchange for greater Chinese purchases of U.S. agricultural and energy products. Markets have read this as a modest sign of stabilization in an otherwise adversarial relationship. At the same time, the apparent deal to restructure TikTok’s U.S. operations—with American investors and technology partners taking a controlling stake—underscores how trade policy and technology security have become inseparable. While these developments reduce near-term uncertainty, they highlight a longer-term reality: U.S.–China competition is shifting from tariffs toward technology, data, and capital flows.

Domestically, the assassination of Charlie Kirk has deepened partisan divides and injected fresh volatility into U.S. politics. The tragedy has galvanized fundraising, hardened rhetoric, and intensified debates over free speech, extremism, and the role of social media. It also underscores how digital platforms have become both an economic flashpoint and a political accelerant. Against this backdrop, polarization could easily spill into fiscal negotiations. With the September 30 fiscal year-end deadline approaching, Congress must pass appropriations or a continuing resolution to keep the government funded. The atmosphere in Washington is combustible. While some Republicans appear willing to use the threat of a shutdown as leverage, Democrats may be less inclined to risk a lapse in funding at a time when demonstrations could quickly turn ugly.

For markets, the concern is not simply a shutdown itself but the perception of dysfunction and unrest that could accompany it. Political volatility feeds into fiscal uncertainty, raises the term premium in Treasurys, and complicates the Fed’s already narrow policy runway at a time when external shocks remain elevated. If unrest takes hold, adversaries may sense an opening—politics, not policy, could become the next real shock for markets.

Global Bond Markets — Three Stories, One Theme

Global bond markets are moving along diverging paths. In the United States, Treasury yields continue to steepen as Fed easing expectations anchor the front end while heavy fiscal supply and political risk push the long end higher. Europe faces the opposite challenge: weak demand and disinflation are pulling Bund yields lower, and the effect is spilling into CE3 bonds—the sovereign markets of the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary—which typically track Bunds with a spread premium and are now flattening as growth momentum fades. In Asia, government bonds remain anchored by policy: Japanese yields are capped by the Bank of Japan’s cautious stance, while Chinese bonds benefit from persistent deflationary pressure and restrained stimulus.

Europe/CE3: Bund yields drifting lower, CE3 curves flattening

The common thread across regions is that fiscal dynamics, not just monetary policy, are increasingly driving yields. The global bond market is no longer telling one story—it is telling three, and each points to a world where politics and policy carry more weight than growth.

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Looking Ahead

• Tuesday – September 16: Retail Sales are expected to rise modestly, with core retail sales up 0.2%. Import Prices will likely rise 0.3%. Industrial Production is expect to decline modestly on milder weather, with manufacturing output down 0.1%.
• Wednesday – September 17: Housing Starts expected to trend lower, with both single- and multifamily activity cooling. The FOMC is expected to cut the federal funds rate by 25bp; Powell’s tone and dot plot will shape expectations for further easing.
• Thursday – September 18: Initial Unemployment Claims should pull back from last week’s spike. The Philadelphia Fed Manufacturing Index expected to improve slightly from 0.3 to low positive territory.

Final Thoughts

The QCEW revisions reveal a labor market weaker than anyone expected, while inflation remains contained and expectations anchored. That combination gives the Fed the runway to cut this week, even if tariff effects keep the data noisy. But with consumer sentiment fading, housing stalling, and both international and domestic political risks intensifying, the path forward looks narrower. The soft landing is still possible—but the margin for error is shrinking fast.

The Margin for Error in Politics is Also Shrinking

The Vietnam War-era song One Tin Soldier — more commonly known as the theme from the early 1970s movie Billy Jack — tells of a people who destroyed their neighbors for a treasure, only to discover that the treasure was not gold or silver, but a simple message: Peace on earth.

Recast for today, that treasure is freedom of speech. It is the foundation of our civic life — the ability to exchange ideas, to challenge one another, and to do so without fear.

Charlie Kirk’s assassination shows what happens when violence replaces dialogue. Silencing a person does not silence their ideas. Instead, it erodes the very treasure that sustains a free society.

As a society we should honor Charlie’s memory not only by mourning, but by recommitting ourselves to the defense of open discourse. Freedom of speech is the treasure we must protect. That means resisting the temptation to weaponize words like fascist, racist, or Nazi simply to discredit others. It means choosing honest debate over slander, dialogue over division, and civility over violence.

If freedom is treasure, then protecting the conversation itself is how we preserve it.

The Fed Waited. Growth Didn’t.

For much of the summer, Federal Reserve officials maintained they had time to wait and see how tariffs would play out. The assumption was that higher trade barriers would eventually lift inflation, giving the Fed a reason to delay or moderate rate cuts.

The August jobs report upended that narrative. Instead of igniting inflation, tariffs have chilled hiring and business activity. Nonfarm payrolls rose by just 22,000 in August, while prior months were revised lower. Over the past three months, job growth has averaged only 29,000 per month—well below the roughly 50,000 needed to keep the unemployment rate steady.

Healthcare and social assistance provided nearly all the job gains. Manufacturing shed 12,000 jobs, including a 15,000 decline in transportation equipment tied to strikes. Temporary help, wholesale trade, and mining also contracted, the latter reflecting a pullback in energy exploration.

Inflation never surged as feared. Instead, tariffs brought hiring to a standstill

The unemployment rate climbed to 4.3%, its highest level since late 2021, while long-term unemployment jumped to 1.9 million, or 25.7% of overall unemployment—a share rarely seen outside recessions. Wage growth slowed to 3.7% year-over-year, and average hours worked were flat at 34.2.

We have long contended that the QCEW data, due out September 9, will show job growth has been significantly overstated—our base case is by around 45,000 jobs a month. Adjusted for this, true job growth since April—which has averaged just 41,000 jobs per month—may have been flat to negative.

The Fed is now staring at a labor market that has shifted from “balanced” to fragile, with stagnation overtaking overheating as the dominant risk.

Tariffs: Confidence Killer, Not Inflation Driver

Tariffs are now acting as a tax on business confidence, not a source of runaway inflation.

The ISM manufacturing index held at 47.2 in August, marking six consecutive months of contraction. Negative tariff commentary outnumbered positive anecdotes two to one, signaling weak sentiment.

The ISM services index rose to 52.0, but much of the improvement came from front-loading orders ahead of October tariff hikes—a temporary boost that is unlikely to last.

The Fed’s Beige Book echoed these findings, citing hiring freezes, delayed capital spending, and fragile consumer demand. NFIB surveys confirm small businesses face rising input costs but possess only limited pricing power, squeezing margins without generating significant inflation.

Tariffs have proven to be more of a tax on business confidence than consumers

Only 13% of consumer spending directly falls on tariffed goods. The broader drag comes from uncertainty, which slows hiring and investment across industries.

Housing and Construction: Diverging Paths

Construction spending fell 0.1% in July, marking the third consecutive monthly decline and leaving total outlays nearly 3% below year-ago levels.

• Private nonresidential spending weakened sharply, with declines in manufacturing, commercial, and even data center projects.
• Public infrastructure offered a modest offset but remains insufficient to stabilize the sector.

Mortgage rates’ sharpest weekly drop in a year could revive fall home buying

The surprise came from housing. Mortgage rates dropped nearly 30 bps after the jobs report, the steepest weekly decline in over a year. This sudden easing could stabilize homebuyer demand heading into the fall. If sustained, housing—one of the largest economic drivers—may become one of the first sectors to turn the corner even as broader conditions remain soft.

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Markets: Diverging Yield Dynamics

Treasury yields fell sharply following the weak jobs report as traders priced in three Fed rate cuts by year-end, starting September 17. The two-year yield slid below 3.5%, while MBS spreads narrowed to their tightest since early 2022.

At the same time, global long-term yields surged, with 30-year bonds in the U.S., Europe, and Japan selling off even as front-end rates declined. This divergence reflects rising concerns over sovereign debt sustainability. Governments are ramping up defense and infrastructure spending while avoiding unpopular tax hikes or entitlement reforms. Markets increasingly sense a fiscal reckoning is inevitable—though not imminent—allowing the drop in short- and intermediate-term yields.

Adding to the crosscurrents, gold prices briefly soared above $3,600/oz, a record high. This reflects heightened demand for safe havens amid weakening labor data, geopolitical turbulence, and waning confidence in sovereign debt markets. Institutional investors are moving decisively into gold as confidence in long-term government papers erode.

Gold surges past $3,600 as sovereign debt fears mount

For now, corporate balance sheets remain strong, and credit spreads tight. But if growth slows further, elevated long-term yields could magnify financial instability—particularly in housing, commercial real estate, and maturing corporate debt.

Geopolitical Shifts Intensify

Global tensions escalated sharply last week, underscoring how geopolitical risk is now structurally embedded in markets.

The Beijing military parade attended by Xi Jinping, Vladimir Putin, and Kim Jong Un was a direct counterpoint to the Oval Office gathering of Western leaders following the Alaska summit. This symbolic alignment underscored the deepening rift between rival global blocs.

Russia and China’s intentions are clear: weaken Western resolve and fracture alliances. India’s presence highlighted its swing-state diplomacy, leveraging ambiguity to extract favorable trade and security terms. The key takeaway: China under Xi cannot be trusted, and would act toward Taiwan or other neighbors with the same aggression Russia has shown in Ukraine.

Xi, Putin, and Kim challenge Western unity while Russia escalates strikes

Russia launched its most intense wave of strikes on Ukraine in months, targeting energy infrastructure, ports, and logistics hubs. These attacks aim to exploit political transitions and fiscal constraints in the West, raising the costs of NATO’s continued support.

Western nations are responding by ramping up defense spending and tightening alliances. Europe, Japan, and non-aligned Asian nations are accelerating one-sided trade agreements with the U.S. to secure their positions.

Markets are reacting in real time. Gold’s rally is not merely a reflection of rate expectations but a barometer of systemic fear, signaling investors’ preparation for a world with greater instability and fewer safe havens.

Japan added to global instability with the sudden resignation of Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba, sending the yen lower and JGB yields higher as markets anticipate looser policy under his successor.

OPEC+ fueled further volatility by signaling a modest October production increase (+130k to +350k barrels/day). Brent crude slipped to $66/barrel, but risks remain tilted toward renewed price swings as geopolitical conflicts evolve.

Closer to home, U.S.–Korea relations were rattled by an immigration raid at Hyundai’s Georgia site, disrupting EV and battery facility construction. Korean officials expressed concern about regulatory clarity, especially as Korean firms remain among the largest foreign investors in the Southeast.

Looking Ahead

The coming week features a light but critical economic calendar, with Thursday’s CPI report in sharp focus. CPI is expected to rise 0.3% for both headline and core measures, with y/y headline at 2.9% and core steady at 3.1%.

A steady CPI reading would cement expectations for a September 17 Fed cut, while a hotter print could disrupt markets temporarily and shift expectations to a slower, every-other-meeting pace of cuts. The latter seems more plausible to us, as we feel price measures are likely to capture more of the impact of rising tariffs in coming months. The Fed may actually be able to accomplish more by doing less.

Bottom Line

The Fed waited for inflation to re-emerge before cutting rates. Instead, growth slowed, unemployment climbed, and tariffs chilled confidence without sparking significant price pressures.

The sharp drop in mortgage rates shows how quickly financial conditions can shift when markets anticipate Fed action. Housing may stabilize sooner than other sectors, but manufacturing and business investment remain fragile.

Globally, Russia’s escalation, Japan’s political vacuum, and OPEC+ decisions highlight a world where geopolitical risks are permanently embedded in markets. These forces are now visible in higher long-term yields, a stronger bid for safe havens, and persistent volatility in energy prices.

Clarity—not just action—is the Fed’s most valuable tool

Unless this week’s inflation data fundamentally alters the narrative, a September rate cut is virtually certain. The Fed’s greater challenge will be providing clarity to navigate a world of slowing growth, rising geopolitical risk, and fragile investor confidence.